{"id":6704,"date":"2025-08-25T12:31:18","date_gmt":"2025-08-25T10:31:18","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/openbim-knowledgebase.org\/docs\/chapter-5-1-buildings-in-the-surrounding-area\/"},"modified":"2026-01-08T15:30:12","modified_gmt":"2026-01-08T14:30:12","slug":"chapter-5-1-buildings-in-the-surrounding-area","status":"publish","type":"docs","link":"https:\/\/openbim-knowledgebase.org\/en\/docs\/level-of-information-need-landscape-architecture-application\/chapter-5-structure-of-the-component-definitions-using-the-example-of-landscape-architecture\/chapter-5-1-buildings-in-the-surrounding-area\/","title":{"rendered":"Chapter 5.1 &#8211; Buildings in the surrounding area"},"content":{"rendered":"<style>.kb-table-of-content-nav.kb-table-of-content-id1945_865165-20 .kb-table-of-content-wrap{background-color:var(--global-palette7, #EDF2F7);}.kb-table-of-content-nav.kb-table-of-content-id1945_865165-20 .kb-table-of-contents-title-wrap{padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;border-top:0px solid transparent;border-right:0px solid transparent;border-bottom:0px solid transparent;border-left:0px solid transparent;}.kb-table-of-content-nav.kb-table-of-content-id1945_865165-20 .kb-table-of-contents-title{font-size:var(--global-kb-font-size-md, 1.25rem);font-family:var( --global-heading-font-family, inherit );font-weight:bold;font-style:normal;}.kb-table-of-content-nav.kb-table-of-content-id1945_865165-20 .kb-table-of-content-wrap .kb-table-of-content-list{font-weight:regular;font-style:normal;margin-top:var(--global-kb-spacing-sm, 1.5rem);margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;}.kb-table-of-content-nav.kb-table-of-content-id1945_865165-20 .kb-toggle-icon-style-basiccircle .kb-table-of-contents-icon-trigger:after, .kb-table-of-content-nav.kb-table-of-content-id1945_865165-20 .kb-toggle-icon-style-basiccircle .kb-table-of-contents-icon-trigger:before, .kb-table-of-content-nav.kb-table-of-content-id1945_865165-20 .kb-toggle-icon-style-arrowcircle .kb-table-of-contents-icon-trigger:after, .kb-table-of-content-nav.kb-table-of-content-id1945_865165-20 .kb-toggle-icon-style-arrowcircle .kb-table-of-contents-icon-trigger:before, .kb-table-of-content-nav.kb-table-of-content-id1945_865165-20 .kb-toggle-icon-style-xclosecircle .kb-table-of-contents-icon-trigger:after, .kb-table-of-content-nav.kb-table-of-content-id1945_865165-20 .kb-toggle-icon-style-xclosecircle .kb-table-of-contents-icon-trigger:before{background-color:var(--global-palette7, #EDF2F7);}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kb-table-of-content-nav.kb-table-of-content-id1945_865165-20 .kb-table-of-contents-title-wrap{border-top:0px solid transparent;border-right:0px solid transparent;border-bottom:0px solid transparent;border-left:0px solid transparent;}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.kb-table-of-content-nav.kb-table-of-content-id1945_865165-20 .kb-table-of-contents-title-wrap{border-top:0px solid transparent;border-right:0px solid transparent;border-bottom:0px solid transparent;border-left:0px solid transparent;}}<\/style>\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"stuetzmauer-freistehende-mauer\">I02.02 \/ I02.03 Retaining wall \/ free-standing wall<\/h2>\n<style>.kb-image5762_6efc21-34 .kb-image-has-overlay:after{opacity:0.3;}<\/style>\n<figure class=\"wp-block-kadence-image kb-image5762_6efc21-34 size-full kb-image5758_632579-bb loin_Land_fig02\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/LOIN_Land_Fig02.png\" alt=\"Note: This structure is a group with several components (wall, foundation, foundation layer), which are shown in addition. In practice, such groups must be broken down to define the depth of information.\" class=\"kb-img\"><figcaption>Note: This structure is a group with several components (wall, foundation, foundation layer), which are shown in addition. In practice, such groups must be broken down to define the depth of information. <\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">I02.04 Stairs, <a href=\"#stuetzmauer-freistehende-mauer\" title=\"Ramp\">ramp<\/a><\/h2>\n<style>.kb-image5762_f14deb-9e .kb-image-has-overlay:after{opacity:0.3;}<\/style>\n<figure class=\"wp-block-kadence-image kb-image5762_f14deb-9e size-full kb-image5758_632579-bb loin_Land_fig03\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/LOIN_Land_Fig03.png\" alt=\" \" class=\"kb-img\"><figcaption> <\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">I02.05 Small building<\/h2>\n<style>.kb-image5762_5dec53-df .kb-image-has-overlay:after{opacity:0.3;}<\/style>\n<figure class=\"wp-block-kadence-image kb-image5762_5dec53-df size-full kb-image5758_632579-bb loin_Land_fig04\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/LOIN_Land_Fig04.png\" alt=\"Note: This building is a group with several components (wall, ceiling, foundation), which have been shown in addition. In practice, such groups must be broken down to define the depth of information.\" class=\"kb-img\"><figcaption>Note: This building is a group with several components (wall, ceiling, foundation), which have been shown in addition. In practice, such groups must be broken down to define the depth of information. <\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">I02.07 \/ I02.08 Fall and impact protection equipment for surroundings \/ fencing<\/h2>\n<style>.kb-image5762_387229-39 .kb-image-has-overlay:after{opacity:0.3;}<\/style>\n<figure class=\"wp-block-kadence-image kb-image5762_387229-39 size-full kb-image5758_632579-bb loin_Land_fig05\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/LOIN_Land_Fig05.png\" alt=\"Note: This structure is a group with several components (fence, foundation), which are shown in addition. In practice, such groups must be broken down to define the depth of information.\" class=\"kb-img\"><figcaption>Note: This structure is a group with several components (fence, foundation), which are shown in addition. In practice, such groups must be broken down to define the depth of information. <\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-theme-palette-7-background-color has-background\"><div class=\"wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Copyright<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This document is licensed under a &#8220;Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License&#8221; as Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike under the same conditions<br\/>For more information see: <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/4.0\/\">Creative Commons<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/LOIN_Land_Fig14.png\" alt=\"Creative Commons\"\/><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<h3 id=\"stuetzmauer-freistehende-mauer\">I02.02 \/ I02.03 Retaining wall \/ free-standing wall<br \/><a class=\"permalink-icon\" href=\"#stuetzmauer-freistehende-mauer\">\ud83d\udd17<\/a><br \/><a class=\"lightbox\" href=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/mauer-preview-large.png\"><br \/><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"preview-thumb\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/mauer-preview-thumb.png\" alt=\"Preview of this section\"><br \/><\/a><\/h3>\n<p><!-- Lightbox container --><\/p>\n<div id=\"lightbox\" style=\"display: none;\"><img id=\"lightbox-img\" alt=\"\"><\/div>\n\n<style>\n#lightbox {\n  position: fixed; top:0; left:0; width:100%; height:100%;\n  background: rgba(0,0,0,0.8);\n  display: flex; justify-content: center; align-items: center;\n}\n#lightbox img { max-width:90%; max-height:90%; }\n<\/style>\n\n<script>\ndocument.querySelectorAll('a.lightbox').forEach(link => {\n  link.addEventListener('click', e => {\n    e.preventDefault();\n    document.getElementById('lightbox-img').src = link.href;\n    document.getElementById('lightbox').style.display = 'flex';\n  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